July
27, 2013
Worries Mount as Syria Lures West’s Muslims
WASHINGTON — A rising number of radicalized
young Muslims with Western passports are traveling toSyria to
fight with the rebels against the government of Bashar al-Assad, raising fears
among American and European intelligence officials of a new terrorist threat
when the fighters return home.
More Westerners are now fighting in Syria
than fought in conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia or Yemen, according to
the officials. They go to Syria motivated by the desire to help the people
suffering there by overthrowing Mr. Assad. But there is growing concern that
they will come back with a burst of jihadist zeal, some semblance of military
discipline, enhanced weapons and explosives skills, and, in the worst case,
orders from affiliates of Al Qaeda to carry out terrorist strikes.
“Syria has become really the predominant
jihadist battlefield in the world,” Matthew G. Olsen, the director of the
National Counterterrorism Center, told a security conference in Aspen, Colo., this month. He added, “The concern going forward from a
threat perspective is there are individuals traveling to Syria, becoming
further radicalized, becoming trained and then returning as part of really a
global jihadist movement to Western Europe and, potentially, to the United
States.”
Classified estimates from Western
intelligence services and unclassified assessments from government and independent
experts put the number of fighters from Europe, North America and Australia who
have entered Syria since 2011 at more than 600. That represents about 10
percent of the roughly 6,000 foreign fighters who have poured into Syria by way
of the Middle East and North Africa.
Most of the Westerners are self-radicalized
and are traveling on their own initiative to Turkey, where rebel facilitators
often link them up with specific groups, terrorism experts say. Many have
joined ranks with the Qaeda-aligned Nusra Front, which American officials have
designated as a terrorist group.
“The scale of this is completely different
from what we’ve experienced in the past,” Gilles de Kerchove, the European
Union’s counterterrorism coordinator, said at the conference in Aspen.
So far, terrorism experts say, there have
been no documented terrorist plots linked to European or other Western fighters
returning from Syria, but France’s interior minister, Manuel Valls, recently
called the threat “a ticking time bomb.” Security services across Europe are
stepping up their surveillance efforts and seeking ways to make it more
difficult for people suspected of being jihadists to travel to Syria.
European and other Western intelligence
agencies are rushing to work together to track the individuals seeking to cross
the border into Syria from Turkey, though several American officials expressed
frustration that Turkey is not taking more aggressive steps to stem the flow of
Europeans going to fight in Syria.
Hans-Peter Friedrich, Germany’s interior
minister, is pushing for an European Union-wide registry for all foreigners
entering the bloc as one of the measures that will help better track returning
radicals.
While such a registry will take time to
create and put in place, the move reflects the level of concern and the
understanding among German security leaders that an individual country’s
efforts will be ineffective without the assistance of its European partners,
given the open borders across much of the Continent.
The German authorities have so far focused
domestic efforts on preventing people suspected of being radicals from leaving
the country. In the northern state of Schleswig-Holstein, the security
authorities this month identified 12 people thought to be radicals, who they
said had given “concrete indications” that they were planning to leave for
Syria.
Because the legal procedure for taking away
a passport can be lengthy, the authorities will often simply pay a personal
visit to the suspected radicals, warning them that the authorities are aware of
their plans to travel to Syria and suggesting that they refrain from so doing.
Authorities believe, however, that in many
cases the suspected radicals sidestep such measures by traveling to a
neighboring European Union country first, and then from there to Turkey, where
German citizens can enter with only a personal identity card. They can then
fairly easily slip over the border into Syria.
Public prosecutors in the Netherlands have
said that while the authorities cannot stop would-be jihadists from leaving the
country, they can combat recruitment, which is against the law and carries a
sentence of up to four years in jail or a fine of more than $100,000.
A precise breakdown of the Western fighters
in Syria is difficult to offer, counterterrorism and intelligence officials
said, but their estimates include about 140 French citizens, 100 Britons, 75
Spaniards, 60 Germans, and as many as a few dozen Canadians and Australians.
There are also fighters from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland,
Italy, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, according to a
study in April by the International Center
for the Study of Radicalization, a partnership of academic institutions based
in London, which estimated that 140 to 600 Europeans had gone to Syria.
Only about a dozen Americans have so far
gone to fight in Syria, according to American intelligence officials.Nicole
Lynn Mansfield, 33, of Flint, Mich., a
convert to Islam, was killed in May while in the company of Syrian rebels in
Idlib Province.
Eric
Harroun, 30, a former Army soldier from Phoenix,
was indicted in Virginia by a federal grand jury last month on two charges
related to allegations that he fought alongside the Nusra Front. In
February, he
bragged about his involvement, posting a
photo on his Facebook page saying, “Downed a Syrian Helicopter then Looted all
Intel and Weapons!”
About 30 French citizens have returned from
the front lines in Syria, according to Mathieu Guidère, a professor at
Université Toulouse II and an expert on Islamic terrorism. He said most had
been stopped by the domestic intelligence service and held for lengthy
questioning under a law passed last year that allows charges to be brought for
having traveled to terrorist training camps or combat zones where terrorist
groups are involved.
Some returned because they were unable to
reach the front or find fighters to arm them or train them, Mr. Guidère said.
Many end up lost among the refugees on the Turkish and Jordanian borders, and
after waiting around for a while come home. Others are rejected by the Free
Syrian Army, which does not want them, he said. Many who end up staying join
the Nusra Front, which often divides them into groups by nationality.
Recently, the Dutch authorities arrested a
19-year-old woman suspected of recruiting young Dutch Muslims to fight with
Islamic extremists in Syria.
In April, the Belgian authorities raided 48
homes across the country and detained six men implicated in what prosecutors
described as a jihadist recruitment drive for the insurgency in Syria. Some of
the men have since been released, Eric Van Der Sypt, a spokesman for the
federal prosecutor, said by telephone on Friday.
Mr. Van Der Sypt said that the Belgian
authorities had recently arrested another man after he returned to Belgium from
Syria, but he declined to provide more information, citing the continuing
investigation. “We’re still following the phenomenon of people going to Syria
from very close by,” he said, referring to residents of places in Belgium like
Antwerp and Vilvoorde, a community north of Brussels, who had become involved
in a group known as Sharia4Belgium.
Reporting was contributed by Melissa Eddy
and Victor Homola from Berlin; Alissa J. Rubin, Scott Sayare and Steven
Erlanger from Paris; and James Kanter from Brussels. Kitty Bennett contributed
resear
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